![]() Dental etchings have been found on Viking teeth from Sweden, Denmark, and England. This chapter looks at tooth modification, reviewing the diversity of techniques from simple scratching of the dental crown, staining, tooth removal, and inlays. Such purposeful pain is a known consequence, at times even one of the goals of the process. ![]() Many techniques used are associated with considerable pain upon implementation, and sometimes for the remainder of one’s life. They have been associated with mourning to demarcate marital status, as a mechanism to ward off illness, and as a fashion statement. These vary over time with political and economic circumstances to signal sex/gender, ethnicity, and ideology. ![]() ![]() Temporary adornments such as clothing and hairstyle, or more permanent markers such as tattoos, scarification, piercings, and dental modification have been used in the past (and to this day) to indicate group membership. ![]()
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